A kingfisher at work by a river or canal is an unforgettable
sight. A sudden flash of iridescent blue is followed by a small splash and
then, almost immediately, its upward flight to a perch where the prey is
stunned, turned head first and then swallowed. One can watch a kingfisher all
day and never get bored!
Appearance and behaviour
The kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) is a small bird at 16-17
centimetres in length, of which 4 centimetres is the dagger-shaped bill. It has
a large head, a short tail and broad rounded wings. The underside is orange and
the upperparts bright blue. The wings are green with blue flecks, which is the
same colour as the head, except for orange cheeks and white throat and neck
patches. Males and females have similar plumage, but can be distinguished by
the male having an all-black bill while that of the female has a red base to
the underside.
Kingfishers fly fast and straight, often low above the water
with the wings beating rapidly with a whirring noise. It will sometimes fish by
hovering for a few seconds, with the head perfectly still, before diving.
The call is a sharp “shree” or sometimes a double
“shee-kee”. The kingfisher is often heard before it is seen. A recording of the
kingfisher’s call, as well as a video of a kingfisher in flight (and other
information) is available on this page from the RSPB website.
Breeding
Kingfishers breed near water in lowland areas. Pairing takes
place in February or March, with male birds offering gifts of fish to females.
A nest is excavated in a vertical sandy bank. A tunnel,
which can be up to three feet long, is dug by both birds. At the end of the
tunnel a cavity is excavated in which five to seven eggs are laid in early
April. Both birds incubate the eggs for around 20 days.
The young are fed at the nest for up to 27 days. Given that
each chick needs between 12 and 18 fish every day, this is a heavy workload for
the parent birds. The chicks are fed in rotation with the hungriest chick
taking its place at the front of the nest chamber.
The chamber can become fouled with the pellets of bones and fish
scales that the young birds regurgitate and which are then trodden into the
chamber floor. They excrete towards the tunnel mouth, which also therefore becomes
distinctly unsavoury. This is why the parent birds take care to plunge bathe
when they emerge from the nest before they start fishing.
After they have fledged, young kingfishers must fend for
themselves quickly because the parents will start a second brood with little
delay (and a third is possible in a good season). Kingfishers are highly
territorial and will chase off even their own young after a few days. This rush
to breed again can lead to a high mortality rate among young kingfishers which
have not yet learned the skills of how to fish like their parents. A severe
winter can also cause a high casualty rate among kingfishers in their first
year. However, some young kingfishers will migrate to the coast at such times
in order to find food.
Feeding
As might be expected, the main food of kingfishers is fish,
with specimens up to three inches long being acceptable. Typical fish species
on the menu are minnows, sticklebacks and loaches. An adult kingfisher is
likely to be successful with 80% of its dives. However, kingfishers will also
take aquatic insects such as dragonfly nymphs and water beetles.
Distribution
The kingfisher is widely distributed across lowland Britain,
being most numerous in central and southern England. It is also found
throughout Europe. Related species are found in North Africa and Asia. It is a
protected species in Great Britain where numbers have recovered after declining
up to about 1985. Efforts to clean up rivers and control pollution have made a
great difference to the kingfisher population.
© John Welford
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